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1992-01-02
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╔═══════════╗
║ SHAREWARE ║
╚═══════════╝
This program is distributed as a Shareware product. The Copyright is
retained by the author. The program may be freely copied, placed on
any bulletin board system, or otherwise freely distributed.
All Shareware distributors may charge their standard rates.
If you find the Pro Football Linemaker to be practical and intend to
use it, you are asked to become a registered owner by sending a $17
contribution to:
American Precision Instruments
1530 W. Ranch Road
San Bernardino, CA 924079
* BBS: (714) 880-8030
Registered owners will immediately be sent a hard copy of "A Winning
Season Using the Pro Football Linemaker". You will also receive a
disk with a current game statistics file and a password that will
allow you to download weekly statistic databases off a bulletin board
system (BBS) via your modem (this is not necessary, you may enter the
weekly statistics yourself using your local newspaper).
The disk containing the latest game statistics file will prevent you
from having to do extensive data entry in an attempt to catch up (if
the current season has begun). Then you may remain current by
either entering the weekly statistics yourself, or downloading them
via the PFL BBS.
* Our area is scheduled to receive an area code change on November 14,
1992 at which time our number will change to (909) 880-8030.
╔═════════════════════════════════════╗
║ What is the Pro Football Linemaker? ║
╚═════════════════════════════════════╝
The Pro Football Linemaker is a tool to help you better forecast the
outcome of upcoming Pro Football games. The Pro Football Linemaker is
a database of the most often used statistics associated with the game.
The Pro Football Linemaker is also a program to help you maintain,
store, manipulate, and understand the statistics in the database, so
you can make the most informed choice possible for any upcoming game.
And finally, the Pro Football Linemaker is a bulletin board system
(BBS) that allows exchanges between users and allows downloading of
current statistics files. Downloading the database files saves users
from having to enter the large amounts of weekly statistics used to
forecast the lines. It is not necessary, however, to download the
weekly statistics database. The Pro Football Linemaker was designed
for the user to be able to enter weekly stats available in most
national and local newspapers.
╔═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║ What is the Pro Football Linemaker Bulletin Board System? ║
╚═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
The PFL BBS is a bulletin board system available to all football fans
during the off season. During the off season, the BBS is open and all
fans may use the PFL BBS to download the latest version of the Pro
Football Linemaker, download previous years' statistics, communicate
with other fans through the BBS's mail feature, upload/download files
and programs for/from other users, ask questions about the program and
database, etc.
During the season, the system is closed and only registered and
subscribed users may use the BBS. This is because up-to-date
statistic database files are available for downloading. Downloading
these files saves registered and subscribed users the drudgery of
entering the large amount of statistics necessary to forecast the
lines.
See Appendix C for detailed instructions on using the PFL BBS.
╔═══════════════════════════════╗
║ Registration and Subscription ║
╚═══════════════════════════════╝
The registration fee for the Pro Football Linemaker is $17. The price
of registration includes a hard copy of "A Winning Season Using the
Pro Football Linemaker", the latest version of the Pro Football
Linemaker (the latest version is also available off the PFL BBS or
from your Shareware Dealer), the most current week's database (if
during a regular season), and a free, current subscription to the
PFL BBS. PFL BBS subscription rates thereafter are only $10 per
season. You will also receive the NEW PLF Utilities program that allows
screen viewing of your PFL data bases. The program provides quick
screen reference to current or past stats. Categories include Game,
Team, and Season. A very handy program for keeping current with the
Teams and for referencing when selecting overlays.
PRO FOOTBALL LINEMAKER 2.1
REGISTRATION/SUBSCRIPTION RENEWAL FORM
SEND TO: American Precision Instruments
1530 West Ranch Road
San Bernardino, CA 92407
|-------------------------------------------------------------------|
|TODAY'S DATE: |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------|
|CHECK or MONEY ORDER AMOUNT: $ |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------|
| |
| NAME: |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------|
|ADDRESS: |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------|
|ADDRESS: |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------|
|ADDRESS: |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------|
| CITY: | STATE: | ZIP: |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------|
|TELEPHONE: ( ) |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------|
| WHERE DID YOU OBTAIN YOUR COPY OF PRO FOOTBALL LINEMAKER: |
| |
| |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------|
| |
|CHECK ONE: |
| |
| |
| I have enclosed $17.00 to register my copy of the Pro |
| ------- Football Linemaker. Please send my hard copy of "A |
| Winning Season using the Pro Football Linemaker", a |
| disk containing the latest possible database of the |
| regular season (last seasons database if not currently |
| in a season), the latest version of PFL (if 2.1 is not |
| the latest version), and a current season subscription |
| to the PFL BBS (Pro Football Linemaker Bulletin Board |
| System). I wish to apply my free one-season PFL BBS |
| subscription towards the season beginning in: |
| |
| August 199 |
| ------------------------------ |
| (enter this year or next year) |
| |
| I am already a registered owner of the Pro Football |
| ------- Linemaker. Enclosed is the $10 subscription fee to |
| the PFL BBS. Please rush me my password. The season |
| I wish to subscribe to is for the season beginning in: |
| |
| August 199 |
| ------------------------------ |
| (enter this year or next year) |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------|
Registration packages and season passwords will be sent out
immediately upon receipt of registration or subscription fee.
╔════════════════════════════════════╗
║ ║
║ A WINNING SEASON USING THE ║
║ PRO FOOTBALL LINEMAKER ║
║ ║
╚════════════════════════════════════╝
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction............................................. 1
Chapter One -- The User's Manual
Getting Started........................................... 3
System Requirements.................................... 3
Floppy Disk Systems.................................... 3
Hard Disk Systems...................................... 3
Batch Files............................................ 3
Menus..................................................... 4
Escape Key................................................ 4
Disk Files................................................ 4
Color Select.............................................. 5
Updating the Game Statistics File......................... 5
Game Statistics Data Files............................. 6
The Statistics Input Screen............................ 6
Saving Game Statistic Data Files to Disk............... 7
Statistic Categories................................... 8
Calculate Spreads......................................... 8
Projected Statistics and Projected Spreads Screen...... 9
Projected Statistics Screen............................ 9
Projected Spreads Screen...............................10
Set Calculation Parameters................................10
Chapter Two - The Game Within The Game
The Law of the Land.......................................12
The Sports Book...........................................13
The Board.................................................13
The Bet and the Payoff....................................14
The Games.................................................14
The Cards.................................................15
The Line..................................................15
The Juice.................................................15
The Serious Player........................................17
Shopping the Lines........................................20
Chapter Three - The Strategies
Theory of Operation.......................................21
Spread From Scores Analysis............................22
Level One..............................................25
Level Two..............................................25
Level Three............................................25
The Final Results......................................26
Spread From Yardage Analysis...........................26
Spread From First Down Analysis........................26
Spread From Time of Possession.........................27
Overall Spread and Parameters..........................27
The Projected Statistical Categories......................27
Open Category..........................................31
Adjusting the Overall Spread..............................32
Updating and Adjusting the Parameters.....................32
Points Per Yard........................................32
Points Per First Down..................................33
Points Per Time of Possession..........................33
Adjusting Parameters...................................33
CALCPARA Program.......................................34
PRINTPFL Program.......................................35
Putting It All Together -- Developing Your Spread.........35
Other Influencers.........................................36
Betting Strategies........................................37
Appendix A -- Sports Book Cards
Appendix B -- Version 1.0/2.1 Changes
Appendix C -- The Pro Football Linemaker BBS
Copyright (c) 1990 American Precision Instruments
╔══════════════╗
║ INTRODUCTION ║
╚══════════════╝
At one time, each week, I spent endless hours putting together
statistics and then analyzing those statistics in order to obtain an
edge over players who were not as well informed. Now that the
personal computer has become a reality, I can enter those same
statistics in less than an hour and can analyze them almost
immediately.
You too can have this same advantage, and if you use the PFL BBS, you
can have access to current information within a couple of minutes.
Before you bet another dime on a football game, I encourage you to
read "A Winning Season Using the Pro Football Linemaker". There are
many things that players should think about before placing a bet.
This book, especially Chapter Two, "The Game Within the Game", will
bring many of those things to light. If you are an experienced
player, you will already be familiar with most of these concepts.
However, it probably would not hurt to at least review the Chapter.
Chapter One is "The User's Manual" which explains how to set up an get
started using the Pro Football Linemaker.
Chapter Two, "The Game Within the Game", gives the reader a strong
background into the game of betting on football.
Chapter Three, "The Strategies", brings it all together. How to use
the Pro Football Linemaker and your strategies for picking the best
overlays.
As you read the book, "A Winning Season Using the Pro Football
Linemaker", it will become clear that the PFL is a tool (possibly your
most important tool). The PFL does not "PICK" which team you should
bet on, that is your decision. What the PFL does is to manipulate and
analyze the data and statistics from previous games to help you make
rational decisions on upcoming games. No two players should make the
same bets during a season and no two players should come out with the
same win/lose ratio (unless it is strictly a coincidence). Each
player will set his/her own standards for what determines a good
overlay, and then bet accordingly.
I first released the Pro Football Linemaker in time for the 1988
season. Since that time, I have received bundles of mail from users.
Topics ranging from office pools to the Oregon Lottery. Many users
wanted to compare their results with mine and others. Other users
failed to keep their database current and needed help "catching up",
or simply want an easier way to update their database. For these
reasons, I decided to provide users with the PFL BBS. The bulletin
board first went on line during the in 1990 season. However, it was
available only to users who specifically suggested or requested
downloading capabilities. It worked so well that I have now decided
to make it available to everyone. If you have any questions, stories,
or want to relate/compare how well (or poor) you did last year or last
- 1 -
week, then why not relay that information to everyone who reads the
PFL BBS. That is what the PFL BBS is for, so feel free to use it.
I am particularly interested in hearing about different parameters
developed by users. I am also interested in the different methods
users came up with to use the "open category", and how well they
worked. Additionally, how many points did you add and subtract for
the "other influencers" to develop your final line? How did you
develop those points? Where did you draw your lines for what you
considered an overlay good enough to place a bet?
We punch in a lot of data, and like everyone else, we make mistakes.
Also, the newspapers sometimes list erroneous stats. If you find an
error in our data, please quickly notify us via the PFL BBS so we can
correct it.
Good Luck,
Lloyd J. Wilson
American Precision Instruments
- 2 -
╔═══════════════════════════════════╗
║ CHAPTER ONE - THE USER'S MANUAL ║
╚═══════════════════════════════════╝
=====================
GETTING STARTED
=====================
System Requirements
-------------------
The Pro Football Linemaker requires and IBM PC, XT, AT, or compatible,
at least 384K of RAM, and PC-DOS or MS-DOS 2.0 or higher.
Floppy Disk Systems
-------------------
To run the Pro Football Linemaker on a floppy-based system, copy all
files on the Pro Football Linemaker distribution disk to a boot disk
(a disk formatted with the /s option). After booting up with this
disk, enter `PFL` (for Pro Football Linemaker) to start the program.
Hard Disk Systems
-----------------
Create a new directory called "FOOTBALL". Copy all files on the
distribution disk into \FOOTBALL. Log into this directory and enter
`PFL` to start the program. This sequence would be as follows:
C:>MD \FOOTBALL
C:>COPY A:*.* \FOOTBALL
C:>CD \FOOTBALL
C:\FOOTBALL>PFL
Batch Files
-----------
A batch file will allow you to enter the program without changing
directories. The following example of a batch file named PFL.BAT
(located in the root directory or a directory for which a path has
been established) will let you start the Pro Football Linemaker by
entering `PFL`:
- 3 -
CD\FOOTBALL
PFL
\CD
===========
MENUS
===========
Use the [UP], [DOWN], [RIGHT], and [LEFT] arrow keys to move through
the menus. When the selection you want is highlighted press the
[ENTER] key.
================
ESCAPE KEY
================
The primary key to the operation of the program is the [ESCAPE] key.
The [ESCAPE] key will always back you out to the main menu.
================
DISK FILES
================
The following files are included on your Pro Football Linemaker disk:
1) PFL.EXE - the "Pro Football Linemaker" program file.
2) STATS.PFL - the current season's game statistics file (or
last season if not currently in a season).
3) PFL.PAR - the calculation parameters file.
4) SEASONXX.PFL - Any free disk space will be filled with past
season game statistics files; for example,
SEASON89.PFL would be the 1988 regular seasons
statistics file. Past season files are also
available (starting in 1988) from the BBS.
5) PFL.DOC - This documentation file, "A Winning Season Using
the Pro Football Linemaker". The registered disk
excludes this file (hard copy is sent) to free up
disk space for past season database files.
6) FORM.DOC - A copy of the registration/subscription renewal
form. Enter: PRINT FORM.DOC at the DOS prompt.
Note: The above files and more are also available via the PFL BBS.
- 4 -
==================
COLOR SELECT
==================
The Menu's [Color] selection takes you to the color select option. If
you have a monochrome monitor, you will receive the message:
-- Monochrome Monitor --
No adjustment to the screen output is possible and you will return to
the Menu. If your monitor is capable of displaying colors (or
shades), then you will enter the COLOR SELECT program.
Instructions for changing the colors are displayed on your monitor.
You may select colors for three categories; letters, background, and
boxes.
The letters category controls the color of the letters and symbols on
your monitor, the background category controls the background color,
and boxes category controls the color of the highlighted areas on the
monitor. As you select colors, the screen will reflect those
selections. This immediate feedback allows you to browse through the
colors and experiment with different color combinations. Be careful
not to assign the same color to the letters and the background or you
won't be able to see the letters.
After you have selected a screen that pleases you, press the [Escape]
key to return to the Menu. Your color selections will now become the
default colors and will be displayed until the next time they are
changed.
=======================================
UPDATING THE GAME STATISTICS FILE
=======================================
Before we go on it is necessary to make one thing clear. It takes
two, three, or maybe even four weeks into the season before enough
statistics are available to project results. It depends on the teams
you are comparing and the schedules they have already played. After
one week you should get no projections, after two you might get a few,
after three you will probably get most projections, and after four
weeks you should get projections for all inquiries.
Each week you will need to enter the statistic from that week's games
into your game statistics data file. These statistics are reported in
most national and local newspapers. The input screen has been designed
to allow you to quickly enter the stats. It should take less than 20
minutes per week to enter the stats from the 14 games. If the thought
of entering all these statistics each week does not appeal to you,
then you may download the current statistics file from the PFL BBS
(see appendix C for information).
- 5 -
Game Statistic Data Files
-------------------------
If currently into the regular season, your Pro Football Linemaker
Version 2.1 disk will hold the default statistics file "STATS.PFL".
This file contains the current regular season's statistics (will not
include preseason stats). If you are not into a season, you will want
to create a new default "STATS.PFL" file for the next season. At the
start-up screen you are instructed to:
PRESS ENTER OR NAME STATS FILE TO ACCESS:
If you press the [ENTER] key, you will load the "STATS.PFL" file. If
you type in a filename (or drive:\path\filename), then that file will
be loaded. If you type in the name of a file that does not exist, the
program will question you to determine if you are creating a new file
or if an incorrect file name was given. A disk must contain
approximately 75K free bytes to create and save a new file. So you
may need to eliminate an old statistics file from your disk to free up
enough space.
You may store old files by renaming them and then using the STATS.PFL
file as the current working file (the default file). For example, you
might rename old files as follows:
RENAME STATS.PFL REGSEASN.89
Or you can ignore the default capabilities and enter the name of your
current file each time you start up.
The Statistics Input Screen
---------------------------
After selecting the "Update Game Statistics File" option from the main
menu, select two teams from the team menu. If this is the first time
these teams have met this season, you will go straight to the input
screen. If the teams have played before, you will first be prompted
to which game's statistics screen (Game #1 or Game #2) you wish access
to. The screen has been designed to be very user friendly and at the
same time allow for quick entry of data. The following keys have the
indicated purpose for the input screen:
1) Number keys - enters corresponding numbers
2) Left arrow - moves to first box on current line
3) Right arrow - moves to last box on current line
4) Up arrow - moves to the first box on next line up
5) Down arrow - moves to first box on next line down
6) Enter key - moves to next box
7) Backspace key - erases current box
8) Space key - erases current space and/or moves one space right
- 6 -
Additionally, when a box is full, it automatically moves to the next
box. It is important to note that it does not matter where in the box
a number is placed. This enhances data entry speed immensely. For
example, if you were entering the number 5 in a box that is designed
to accept up to three numbers, you could enter any of the following:
1) |5 |
2) | 5 |
3) | 5|
4) |05 |
5) | 05|
6) |005|
The program will read and record a 5 for all the above entries. It
also makes no difference how the numbers were changed, erased,
overwritten, or how you move from one box to another. The point we
are trying to make is for maximum speed, don't worry about where the
entry is, how it looks, how it lines up, or how it got there -- just
get it in the box and the program will take it from there.
Once you have your data filled in, either press the [F2] function key
or move down to the ACCEPT STATS line at the bottom of the screen and
press the [ENTER] key. At this point the statistics you entered are
accepted. If at any time you decide you do not want to accept the
statistics you have entered, press the [ESCAPE] key.
You may change any data simply by selecting the two teams and the
appropriate game. You original data entry screen will be displayed.
Simply make any changes you desire and move to the ACCEPT STATS line
and press the [ENTER] key. You may delete the entire game's
statistics by entering zeros (or blanks) in the two teams final scores
boxes and accepting the stats.
Once you have accepted your statistics for the game, control will
return to the menu waiting for you to select the next two teams. As
always, you can return to the Main Menu by pressing the [ESCAPE] key.
Saving Game Statistics Data Files to Disk
-----------------------------------------
Once you have entered all the statistics, or made any desired changes,
you must save the new data to you disk file. To do this, select save
from the main menu. The program will also remember if you have
entered new statistics or made any changes and have not saved. Then,
if you try to exit without saving, you will be reminded that you have
not saved and given another opportunity chance to do so.
The size of an empty file is about 70K. It will expand slightly with
each week's games. At the end of the season the file will be about
75K. Because of this continual expansion, you must make sure you have
plenty of spare room on your disk. If you do try to expand past the
room on your disk, the program will allow you to insert another disk
and save your file. Always play it save, however, by making a backup
of your file after each week's entries.
- 7 -
Statistic Categories
--------------------
1) Final Score - enter the final scores of the game.
2) First Downs - enter the first downs made by the teams.
3) Rushing Yards - enter the total rushing yards.
4) Passing Yards - enter the total passing yards.
5) Times Sacked - enter the number of times the team was sacked.
6) Fumbles With Lost Possession - enter the number of fumbles
where possession was lost.
7) Time of Possession - enter the minutes and seconds the team
had possession. The program automatically rounds to the
nearest minute. So to speed entry you may round the seconds
and enter just the minutes - leaving the seconds box blank.
The program also proportionally adjusts overtime to one hour
total for both teams.
8) Open Category - the "open category" allows you to select a
statistical area you believe to be important. The program
analyses the data entered for this category and provides you
with projected results between any two teams you select. The
current file season's file contains the number of fumbles made
by each team (don't confuse with the fumbles with lost
possession category). Other possible uses could be turnovers,
pass attempts, pass completions, rushes, etc.
If any statistics are unavailable to you, just leave the that category
blank when entering your statistics.
On rare occasions a team may score negative yardage. The program uses
only forward yardage and will not allow you to enter a negative
number. In these rare occasions, enter a zero for no forward yardage.
=======================
CALCULATE SPREADS
=======================
When you select "CALCULATE SPREADS" from the menu, you will first be
asked:
DO YOU WANT A PRINTOUT OF THE SPREAD CALCULATIONS?
If you select [Yes] you will receive a detailed printout showing how
the spreads were calculated. Refer to Chapter Three for formulas and
complete explanations of the printouts.
- 8 -
If you select [No], you will still be given an opportunity to receive
a printout of the final projections and spreads once they have been
calculate and placed on your monitor. To receive a copy of the
projections and spreads you simply press the [P] key once the final
results have been calculated and shown on your screen.
Pressing any other key returns you to the "Select Two Teams:" menu.
At this time, you may select the next two teams you want to calculate
spreads for, or press the [ESCAPE] key to return to the main menu.
You may notice that the first time through, the calculation process
takes longer than with subsequent times. This is because the first
time through there is more data to calculate. After the first time it
is not necessary for the program to recalculate all data. If any
changes are made to your data files, however, all data will again be
recalculated.
Projected Statistics and Projected Spreads Screen
-------------------------------------------------
The following is an explanation of the final results screen and a
brief explanation on how the projections and spreads are calculated.
For a full explanation refer to Chapter Three.
The Projected Statistics and Projected Spreads Screen are the final
results of the programs calculations. If you chose to receive a
printout, you will receive additional data on how the final
projections were calculated. Whether or not you receive a printout,
the calculation process will always end with this screen.
Projected Statistics Screen
---------------------------
The Project Statistics Screen projects the expected results of the
game between the two teams selected. You receive projected passing,
rushing, and play (rushing + passing) yardages, projected first downs,
projected lost fumbles, projected sacks made, project time of
possession, and the projected results from your own selected category
(open category).
The RESULT FROM SCORES ANALYSIS is the only category on the Projected
Statistics Screen that is not a projection. The scores you see are
the result of the analysis and not a projection of expected scores.
However, the difference between these two numbers is the projected
spread from scores analysis. As can be seen with a full printout, the
projected spread is taken from an analysis of scores at three levels:
Level One - Level One analysis is based on scores obtained if the
two teams being projected have played each other before.
Level Two - Level Two analysis is based on scores obtained when
the two teams being projected have both played the same third team.
Scores from each such occurrence are used.
- 9 -
Level Three - Level Three analysis is based on scores obtained
when the two teams being projected have each played another team, and
those two teams have played each other. Scores from each such
occurrence are used.
All other projected categories are the actual expected results of the
game. As an example, we will use projected passing yardage, however,
this explanation could just as easily relate to the times sacked,
open, or any other category. First the program calculates the average
passing yardage of all teams and all games. The program then
calculates how many passing yards each of the two teams averages in a
game. This average is then adjusted by the caliber of teams they have
played (in other words, are the teams they have played better or worse
at defending against passing than the average team). The same
process is then used to compute how well each team is expected to
defend against the other teams passing offense. The result is how
many yards passing each team is expected to achieve against the other
team and how many passing yards each team is expected to give up. An
average of the two projections (expected offense of one team and
expected defense of the other team) gives us the projected passing
yardage. This process is accomplished for both teams giving us the
comparable results.
Projected Spreads Screen
------------------------
The Pro Football Linemaker produces four separate spreads based on
past scores analysis, projected play yardage analysis, projected first
downs analysis, and projected time of possession analysis.
Additionally, an overall spread, based on a weighted average of all
four spreads, is provided.
The parameters used to develop the spreads are based on the results of
the 1987 and 1988 regular seasons. These parameters can be changed
to reflect the desires of the user.
================================
SET CALCULATION PARAMETERS
================================
A full discussion on (1) how to develop your own calculation
parameters, (2) how to use the utility program to assist in developing
your parameters, and (3) an explanation of exactly how the parameters
are used to calculate the spreads is included in Chapter Three.
The calculation parameters shown for yardage, first downs, and time of
possession were developed using 1987 and 1988 regular season
statistics. They are based on points scored per play yard, first
down, and time of possession in past games. These parameters change
over time and should be kept current.
The percent weights provide a weighted average between scores, total
yardage, first downs, and time of possession. The weighted averages
are used to calculate the final line.
- 10 -
To change a parameter select the letter corresponding to the parameter
you want to change--then enter the new parameter when prompted. The
weighted averages must add to 100%. If they do not, the program will
automatically do it for you (the numbers on the screen will be replace
proportionately with numbers adding to 100). You may use the <h.>
selection to see how the weights selected proportionally convert to
100%. The parameters are stored in a file named "PFL.PAR". You must
save any changes made in order for the new parameters to be used. Use
the "Save Parameters" off the menu (selection i.). If you do not
save, the program will ask you if you wish to save before returning to
the Main Menu. A [No] selection will restore your old parameters.
- 11 -
╔══════════════════════════════════════════╗
║ CHAPTER TWO - THE GAME WITHIN THE GAME ║
╚══════════════════════════════════════════╝
Sports betting is big business. From small office pools to
multi-million dollar Nevada sports books, bettors are trying to beat
the odds. Sports are the great American pastime, and betting on
sports is as much a part of that pastime as the potato chips, cold
beer, and armchairs that go with it.
Nevada sports books take in well over $1 billion annually. But that
is only the cream. Sports betting outside Nevada is very very big.
Estimates range to over $50 billion a year. That's more than any
annual state budget. That's a lot of money--and a lot of action.
You can take a little of this vast fortune for your own. But first
you must understand the game. No, I don't mean the game of football.
I mean the other game--the game of betting on football. If you don't
understand this game within the game, all your knowledge of football
is not going to help you.
=====================
LAW OF THE LAND
=====================
All regular bettors quickly become prisoners to the laws of
statistics. If you ignore these laws, you will surely fall victim to
them. Statistics are as much part of the laws of nature as the
physical universe. As sure as the sun will rise, there are six
chances in thirty-six that the roll of a single pair of dice will
result in a seven.
My own college statistics professor so effectively demonstrated this,
that I have not forgotten to this day. As a homework assignment, he
had half the students flip a coin 100 times and the other half roll a
die 100 times and each record the outcomes. My own coin tossing
distribution fell immediately in line with the .5 probability for
heads and tails, and then stayed there for the entire 100 tosses. The
following day, after everyone had reported back, there was not one
single incident of a significant deviation from the expected outcomes
for either group. While at the time I probably thought "big deal",
later I realized it was a big deal. Every time I think about taking
the "long shot" or "beating the odds" I must remember that simple
exercise. To try to beat the odds is asking for sure disaster. You
must play within the odds and keep those odds in your favor or they
will drain your pockets as regular as rent.
It's not that the long shot is always a bad bet, as long as the payoff
is comparable to the odds (expected outcome), then the bet is
statistically acceptable. However, what usually happens is that the
house figures that long shot players are not as apt to worry about the
odds (which is probably true). They then adjust the odds
- 12 -
ridiculously in their favor and the long shot player still plays. If
you don't believe me, look at the state lotteries. What is the
probability of catching 6 out of 49 in the California State Lotto
game. Statisticians call this 49 choose 6, and the formula is:
X! 49! 49 X 48 X 47 X 46 X 45 X 44
---------- = ------------- = ----------------------------
n! (X-n)! 6! X (49-6)! 6 X 5 X 4 X 3 X 2 X 1
13,983,816
= ----------
1
Again, it's not that the odds of hitting the jackpot are only 1 in 14
million that makes this game unattractive, it's that only half of the
money is returned to the players. The payoff is not comparable to the
expected outcome. Strictly a game for losers. If you play this game,
you are going to lose (unless your the one in 14 million). However,
it's an easy and inexpensive way to satisfy one's appetite for the
long shot and it helps keep my taxes down.
=====================
THE SPORTS BOOK
=====================
Casino Sports Books come in every shape and size. From huge lavish
fully automated rooms, with giant television screens, electronic
light-emitting diode boards, and preprinted computer readable betting
tickets--to dingy back rooms with a few television sets and a
chalkboard. And everything in- between. In most sports books you can
order drinks, annoy KENO runners, play slots and other electronic coin
gobblers, or just kick back and watch a game or a race.
===============
THE BOARD
===============
The "Board" is where the upcoming games are listed. For a typical Pro
Football game, a listing might look like this:
San Francisco - 6
10:00 42
Chicago
The 10:00 is the time of kickoff (and also the time by which you will
need to place your bet). The bottom listed team is the home team-
- 13 -
-Chicago in this example. San Francisco is favored here, by six
points. If you want to use the correct lingo, you would refer to San
Francisco as the "favorite" and Chicago as the "underdog". The 42 is
the total for the over/under bet.
============================
THE BET and THE PAYOFF
============================
In the previous San Francisco and Chicago example, you can select San
Francisco and "lay" six points or you may select Chicago and "take"
six points. If you bet San Francisco, the 49ers must win the game by
MORE than six points. If you bet Chicago, you will win if the Bears
win, or if San Francisco wins by less than six points. If you bet
Chicago, and San Francisco wins by exactly six points, you "push", and
your bet will be returned to you.
===============
THE GAMES
===============
The different types of bets a sports book can come up with are almost
as endless as the number of fancy drinks you can order at their bar.
Hey Bartender, I'll have a Screaming Pink Russian with a twist--hold
the guava juice.
Some are fun, some are stupid, and most are poor bets, which we will
discuss later. For now lets look at some of the more popular games
and make sure we understand what is involved.
Parlays - A parlay is simply two or more games combined for a single
bet. The number of games you select determines the payoff odds. Be
careful now, this is not like KENO or lotteries--you must catch all of
your selections to win your parlay. Casino sports books generally
distribute parlay cards to facilitate making your selections.
Teasers - Teasers are similar to parlays except the house gives or
takes additional points (usually six) to make your bet more
attractive. However, the payoff odds are adjusted downward to allow
for the stronger bet. Teaser cards are also available in most sports
books.
Over/Under - Over/Under is a bet on the total combination of the
final score. The number is shown on the board and you must decide if
the total final score of both teams will be above or below that
number. The over/under bet is also usually available as a parley
option on the parlay cards.
Future Bets - You can bet who you think will win the Super Bowl
before the season even begins or anytime during the season. The odds
change from week to week.
- 14 -
===============
THE CARDS
===============
Most Sports Books provide "Cards" to mark your bets. Turn to the
examples located in Appendix A. Notice that each selection is
numbered. Simply mark the boxes corresponding to your picks and turn
in the card at the window. If you are not playing the parleys, the
cards are not necessary.
==============
THE LINE
==============
Why is there a line? Why don't we just bet on who we think will win
the game? Wouldn't that be much simpler?
Let's suppose it is 1988, and you are thumbing through Saturday's
paper and you see there is going to be a game between Buffalo (whose
current standing is 11 wins and 2 losses) and Tampa Bay (whose
standing is 3 wins and 10 losses). You say to yourself, "Hey, looks
like Buffalo might be a good bet, think I'll put down ten." Now find
someone to bet with. The only bet you'll get is in Tampa Bay, in a
bar, with a loud-mouth, die-hard Buccaneers' fan, whose had way to
much to drink.
For every 100 potential bettors who wanted to put down ten on Buffalo,
you would have been lucky to find 3 fools who would have taken that
bet. Now, lets say you were willing to give Tampa Bay some points
just for the sake of finding someone to bet with. How many points?
Somewhere there is a magic number where there will be an even number
of dollars bet on each team. This is the line--the spread. If the
line is not receiving an even distribution of bets, it will be
adjusted to do so. This is because sports books (and bookies) don't
really want to gamble. They strive to balance their bets so they are
assured of receiving their full percentage for each game. What do I
mean--their percentage? Let's look at this more closely.
Before we go on, are there any questions? Yes, you in the back waving
your hands--what was the score? Oh yes, I almost forgot. Tampa Bay
beat Buffalo, 10 to 5.
===============
THE JUICE
===============
Say that you want to win $100 on an otherwise dull Sunday afternoon.
You go to your sports book or bookie who informs you that you must put
up $110 if you want to win $100. Your bookie will also take another
$110 from someone who wants to bet against the team you are betting
for. If you win, your bookie gives you back your $110 and $100
winnings. He keeps the other $10 for himself. This is how a bookie
earns his living, and how the sports books paint their walls. As you
- 15 -
can see, they really aren't gambling, they are bringing together other
people who want to gamble, and then taking 4.5 percent off the top as
a commission--so to speak. This 4.5 percent is called "The Juice".
This "Juice" means you have to win more often that half the time in
order to break even. What's that? You don't think that's fair?
Consider some other types of gambling. Most state lotteries take 50
percent. Horse racing (depending on your state) takes about 17
percent. Realtors take 6 percent. Maybe 4.5 percent isn't that bad
after all. Let's look at this "Juice" a little closer,however, just
to make sure it doesn't get the best of us.
Here is a easy way to prove the juice. Say you bet $110. Remember,
the sports book will also take in another $110 from a player who bets
on the opposing team. So, the casino or the bookie takes in $220
dollars. At the end of the game, the winner is returned his original
bet of $110 and 10/11ths of that bet as his payoff (10/11 X $110 =
$100):
amount kept by house
-------------------- = percent kept by house
total amount bet
$220 - $110 - $100 $10
-------------------- = ----- = .045
$220 $220
Almost universally, the payoff odds for a straight football bet are
11/10. You win $10 for every $11 you bet:
BET WIN
$1.10 $1.00
$2.20 $2.00
$5.50 $5.00
$11.00 $10.00
$22.00 $20.00
The two formulas to determine amount bet and amount won are:
Amount of winnings = Amount bet X 0.9090909090
Amount bet = Amount of winnings X 1.1
Now you can use these formulas to quickly determine your slice of the
pie.
If you bet $20 on a game, and win, you would perform the following
calculation to determine what you should be returned:
- 16 -
($20 X .9090909090) $18.18
Original Bet + 20.00
--------
Amount Due $38.18
If you want to know how much you would have to bet to win $150
dollars, you would perform the following calculation:
$150 X 1.1 = $165.00
========================
THE SERIOUS PLAYER
========================
If you go to Las Vegas twice a year, the track once, bet on the World
Series and Super Bowl office pools each year, and purchase a lottery
ticket if the jackpot goes above $20 million, then skip this section,
it may ruin your fun. I assume, however, that you would not be
reading this if you are only an occasional bettor. And this being the
case, I suggest you fully understand this section. It is much more
important how you bet, than who you bet.
Unless your betting with your neighbor, or in an office pool, you are
going to be subject to a house take, the juice. Actually, many office
pools donate a portion of the take to some type of charitable
activity, this is another form of a house take, even if it is the
office Christmas Party.
In the casinos as well as with bookies, the house take is always
there, it is often well hidden, but always there. Sometimes the house
simply has a better chance of winning the game than the player, such
as when playing straight craps and most of the popular casino card
games. Other times, the house pays off less than the players chance
of winning, such as in roulette. Then statistically, after enough
games are played, the house can be assured of ending up with a take
equal to their statistical advantage.
As previously mentioned, for the standard 11/10 football wager, the
house simply attempts to get an even distribution of bets on a game
and then take their 4.5 percent before paying off the winners. Not a
bad take, considering they really aren't taking much of a risk and
just holding the money. When a bank holds your money, they pay you!
For every $1 million dollars a casino takes in on a straight football
bet, they return $955,000 to the players and take $45,000 to the bank.
And it gets worse, much worse.
Whenever people wager you will always have winners and losers, right?
Wrong! Whenever people wager, you will have the losers, the house
take, and possibly some winners. It only takes two football games to
produce an outcome of 100% losers. Consider the following scenario of
two players and two games. For game #1, one player bets $110 on Team
A and one bets $110 on Team B. Team A wins the game. Next week, the
- 17 -
same player bets $110 on Team A and the other player again bets $110
on Team B. This week Team B wins the game. The following chart shows
the standing for the two players after the second game:
Team A Player Team B Player
Game #1 + $100 - $110
Game #2 - $110 + $100
---------- ---------
Standing Per - $10 - $10
Player
So after only two games, both players can be losers. But, where is
the rest of the money? The house has it. This example shows that any
player who wins only half his bets is going to end up a loser. Then
how many games must you win?
With the standard 11/10 football bet you will need to win 52.38
percent of your bets to break even. Do you remember your algebra?
Solve for X to determine percent of wins required to break even, where
X equals percent of wins and 1-X equals percent of losses:
10X = 11(1-X)
10X = 11-11X
11X + 10X = 11
21X = 11
X = 11/21
X = .5238
Many people shrug this off, thinking, "so what, what's two percent".
But the serious player knows that two percent is significant. He may
consider a two percent profit during an entire season, a good season.
The serious player also knows these are some of the best odds he will
ever find. Two percent profit! You've got to be kidding? It is
pretty well accepted that 60 percent is about the best one can
continuously do betting against football lines. And this figure is
reserved for the very best. Anything above this is generally
considered normal variations in the frequency of outcomes-luck.
I am not trying to discourage you, just setting the scene for the next
discussion on parleys, teasers, football cards, and the other games.
The odds on these types of games range from bad to worse. Let's look
at them.
Let's choose the smallest parley possible, two games. What are the
odds of winning? We will assume that the lines are accurate enough to
make the chance of either team winning to be even in both games. You
- 18 -
have a one in four (.25) probability of winning but only a 13 to 5
(2.6 to 1) payoff. Let's see what the juice is by following an
example. In this example we will wager four, $10, two game parley
bets. According to probability, we will win one out of the four:
Bet Returned
Game #1 $10 - 0 -
Game #2 $10 - 0 -
Game #3 $10 - 0 -
Game #4 $10 $36 (13/5 * 10) + $10 (initial bet)
------- -------
$40 $36
40-36
----- = .10 = 10 percent juice
40
The house took in $40 and returned $36. Ten percent juice! Why
that's horrible! Yes, that is horrible and that is the best one. For
all the other parleys and the teasers the odds are even worse. They
are strictly for fun. Strictly for the occasional bettor. Anybody
who plays these games on any type of regular basis will quickly become
a victim of the laws of statistics. Ten percent juice is simply not
acceptable--especially when you can get 4.5 at the same window!
Can you see a formula emerging. A formula for determining the juice
may be helpful for determining the juice for games not specifically
mentioned within these covers:
juice = 1 - (probability of win) (payoff odds + 1)
Test it with the previous example:
juice = 1 - (.25) (2.6 + 1)
juice = 1 - .9
juice = .10
Let's look at the rest of the parleys. Turn to Appendix A and look at
the reverse side of a Circus Circus parley card. It shows the game
rules and the payoffs.
- 19 -
Let's take a closer look at those odds:
Game Win Odds Payoff Juice
2 for 2 1 in 4 2.6 for 1 10%
3 for 3 1 in 8 6 for 1 12.5%
4 for 4 1 in 16 11 for 1 25%
5 for 5 1 in 32 20 for 1 34.4%
6 for 6 1 in 64 40 for 1 35.9%
7 for 7 1 in 128 75 for 1 40.6%
8 for 8 1 in 256 125 for 1 50.8%
9 for 9 1 in 512 250 for 1 51%
10 for 10 1 in 1024 500 for 1 51.1%
Look once again at the rules on the Circus Circus card. Notice rule
#9. So, on top of paying off with some of the worst odds you can get,
if you do hit the long shot, you might have to share it.
Need I say more? Do yourself and your money a favor and keep away
from the parleys and teasers. The statistical deck is stacked against
you. The odds are much better playing black jack, roulette, or craps.
I lost a lot of money before I figured this out. Now you know why so
many independent football card entrepreneurs out there. A somewhat
shady business, but with a statistically guaranteed profit.
========================
SHOPPING THE LINES
========================
An advantage of playing in Nevada is that you can shop around for the
best lines. The sports books generally post the pro football lines on
Monday or Tuesday. This is an excellent time to find what you might
consider a mistake in the line. If your right, others will probably
also see it, and within hours it will adjust in the direction that
compensates for the mistake. As the week goes on the line firms up.
By Saturday, line adjustments are becoming rare. During the week,
however, it is not uncommon to see line differences of half-point,
point, or more at the different casinos. Value shoppers (such as
yourself) usually force these spreads together by game time.
Look at the two cards from the Mirage and Circus Circus for the 16th
week of the 1989 season (Appendix A - in hard copy only). I picked
them both up on Thursday, December 21st. As you can see, 12 of the 14
pro games have at least a half point difference. Two have a point-and
-a-half difference in the line. This is a significant difference!
End of discussion. The point is made. Shop around for the best line.
- 20 -
╔══════════════════════════════════╗
║ CHAPTER THREE - THE STRATEGIES ║
╚══════════════════════════════════╝
Before the 1983 season I kept no records, I played all types of
football betting games, without regard for the odds, and I had no real
idea how I was doing--or what I was doing. I would simply look at the
board and from what I saw I would pick which lines I thought were the
most inaccurate (known as "overlays"). If this sounds familiar to
you, you may be losing a lot more than you think you are.
In 1982 I lost heavy. I know this because of my dwindling bank
balance and not because I kept any sort of records. In 1983 I did
keep an accurate record of my cash flow. At the end of the '83'
season I knew how much I had lost, but I did not know how this related
to my accuracy, or inaccuracy, in picking winners. After that season,
I decided if I was going to bet on football, I had better understand
what I was doing.
During the off season I dug out my old college statistics book, blew
off the dust, and got reacquainted with probabilities as they relate
to football (No you don't need a college statistics course, just make
sure you understand the concepts in Chapter Two). It didn't take long
to figure out what my problem was. I was being robbed by the parlays
and teasers. How could I have been so stupid not to have seen this
before? You cannot play parlays and teasers, on any type of regular
basis, without losing. The payoff odds are simply not comparable to
the probability of winning. Way too much juice. If you play these
games, you may have a brief encounter with the up side, but it will
always work back to the middle, where you will ultimately lose.
The next year I stopped playing parlays and started winning. Not a
whole lot, but at least I was in the black. It was also in 1984 that
I started developing the concepts that I would eventually incorporated
into the "Pro Football Linemaker". Now I see a definite payoff for
my years of pursuit. Each season, my goal is to surpass my last years
win/loss percentage. I do this by fine tuning my lines and betting
practices, just as you can. Enough of this, let's discuss how the
"Pro Football Linemaker" works.
=========================
THEORY OF OPERATION
=========================
The "Pro Football Linemaker" is not a system. It is a program and
database that stores results of past games and then logically projects
results of upcoming games based on past performance. There is nothing
magical or secret about how it works. From the information I am about
to give you, you could use a stubby pencil and come up with the same
projections. However, the computer can make these projections in
seconds, compared to endless hours without it--I know, I used to spend
those hours.
- 21 -
The Pro Football Linemaker will project the results of games between
any two professional teams. These projections are given in the form
of five different point spreads and eight projected statistical
categories. Each of these spreads and categories are shown on the
final "Projected Statistics" and "Projected Spreads" screen. How each
of these projected spreads and statistics are calculated will be
reviewed in detail. Examples given will parallel the type of data you
might expect to receive from the program's optional printout of spread
calculations.
The Pro Football Linemaker projects five point spreads: (a) Spread
from scores analysis, (b) Spread from play yardage analysis, (c)
Spread from first down analysis, (d) Spread from time of possession
analysis, and (e) an overall (weighted) spread of the other four
categories.
The spread from scores analysis is the only of the five spreads that
does not use the projected statistics to arrive at the results. For
this reason, the spread from scores analysis will be discussed
separately from the other spreads and projected statistics.
Spread from Scores Analysis
---------------------------
Past scores are the most powerful and accurate indicator of how a team
will perform in upcoming games. Nothing else even comes close. Most
people realize and use this subconsciously even if they have never
really consciously thought about it. The first thing that comes to
anyone's mind, win comparing two teams, is the past performance of the
two teams.
Often however, the two teams we are comparing have not played each
other during the current season. How then can we compare teams who
have yet to face off? We can do this indirectly by comparing the two
teams performance against the same third team. For example, suppose
Dallas will be playing Miami, and both Dallas and Miami had played
Tampa Bay. We can project the outcome of the Dallas and Miami game by
looking at how well each played against Tampa Bay. I call such a
relationship a "Level Two". Of course a "Level One" relationship
would also exist if Dallas and Miami had played each other earlier in
the season.
Can we go further? Yes, early in the season there will not be many
Level One and Level Two relationships. But we can still compare teams
by calculating "Level Three" relationships. A level three relationship
exists when the two comparison teams have each played a different
third team and those two third teams have played each other. For
example, Cincinnati and Dallas are the two comparison teams where
Cincinnati had played Cleveland and Dallas had played Green Bay. A
Level Three relationship exists because Green Bay and Cleveland had
played each other. This is where the computer really starts becoming
a lifesaver and where using it gives you a big advantage over the
uninformed player.
- 22 -
Let's go through a complete example. Here is the actual optional
printout of scores analysis (level 1, 2, & 3)for an end of the '89'
regular season game between Atlanta and LA Rams (a playoff between
these two teams did not actually take place):
SCORES ANALYSIS - ATLANTA vs LA RAMS
********** LEVEL ONE - GAME ONE **********
ATLANTA - 21 LA RAMS - 31
********** LEVEL ONE - GAME TWO **********
ATLANTA - 14 LA RAMS - 26
RESULT LEVEL ONE = LA RAMS BY 11.0 POINTS
********** LEVEL TWO *********
ATLANTA LA RAMS
-----------------------------------
DALLAS 6.00 4.00
BUFFALO 2.00 -3.00
INDIANAPOLIS -4.00 14.00
NEW ORLEANS -7.00 19.00
NEW ORLEANS -9.00 3.00
PHOENIX -14.00 23.00
GREEN BAY -2.00 3.00
SAN FRANCISCO -42.00 1.00
SAN FRANCISCO -13.00 -3.00
MINNESOTA -26.00 -2.00
NEW ENGLAND 1.00 4.00
NY JETS -20.00 24.00
-----------------------------------
TOTAL -10.67 4.08
RESULTS LEVEL TWO = LA RAMS BY 14.75 POINTS
********** LEVEL THREE **********
24-31
ATLANTA <=======> DETROIT
27-47
<=======>
10-20 27-17
LA RAMS <=======> CHICAGO
LA RAMS by 3.50 points
- 23 -
********** LEVEL THREE **********
30-31
ATLANTA <=======> WASHINGTON
38-14
<=======>
10-20
LA RAMS <=======> CHICAGO
ATLANTA by 28.5 points
********** LEVEL THREE **********
24-31
ATLANTA <=======> DETROIT
14-24
<=======>
31-10
LA RAMS <=======> NY GIANTS
LA RAMS by 24.00 points
********** LEVEL THREE **********
30-31
ATLANTA <=======> WASHINGTON
24-27
<=======>
31-10 17-20
LA RAMS <=======> NY GIANTS
LA RAMS by 14.00 points
RESULTS LEVEL THREE = LA RAMS BY 3.25 POINTS
********** TOTAL LEVEL ONE, LEVEL TWO, AND LEVEL THREE **********
ATLANTA LA RAMS
----------------------------------------------
LEVEL ONE 17.50 28.50
LEVEL TWO -10.67 4.08
LEVEL THREE -1.25 2.00
----------------------------------------------
AVERAGE 1.86 11.53
SPREAD FROM SCORES ANALYSIS = LA RAMS OVER ATLANTA BY 9.67 POINTS
- 24 -
Level One
---------
The Level One result of LA by 11.0 points is simply the average of the
difference between the scores:
Game #1 = LA Rams by 10 points (31 minus 21)
Game #2 = LA Rams by 12 points (26 minus 14)
10 points + 12 points
Average = --------------------- = 11 points
2 games
Level Two
---------
Level Two results are obtained through an analysis of the final scores
when the two comparison teams have both played the same third team.
All games meeting this criteria are averaged into the final Level Two
results. For example, in our the LA Ram vs Atlanta example, both
teams played Dallas. Atlanta beat Dallas by 6 points and LA beat
Dallas by 4 points. So 6 points were averaged into the results for
Atlanta and 4 points for LA. Negative numbers indicate losses. The
program then totals the spreads and divides by the number of games.
The difference between the two totals (averages), provides the spread
from the Level Two analysis.
Level Three
-----------
A Level Three relationship exists when the two comparison teams have
each played a different third team and those two third teams have
played each other. For Atlanta and the Rams in '89', there were four
such relationships. There will generally be less Level Three
relationships for two teams in the same conference, but more Level One
and Level Two relationships.
Looking at the first Level Three relationship in our example, Atlanta
and LA Rams are the two comparison teams where Atlanta had played
Detroit and LA had played Chicago. A Level Three relationship exists
because Detroit and Chicago had played each other. When two sets of
scores are shown (both on top and bottom), as in the example, this
indicates that two games were played. For the final sets of scores,
the first score is associated with the team above (Detroit in the
example) and the second score with the team below (Chicago).
Atlanta receives a -7 for their game with Detroit and a -5 for
Detroit's two games with Chicago (averaged -20 + 10 / 2 = -5).
Atlanta's average for the relationship is -6 (-7 + -5 / 2 = -6). LA
receives a -10 for their game with Chicago and a +5 for Chicago's wins
over Detroit. This gives LA a -2.5 average (-10 + 5 / 2 = -2.5), and
LA a spread advantage of 3.5 over Atlanta for this comparison.
- 25 -
The final results for Level Three is the average point spread of all
four Level Three relationships:
Atlanta LA Rams Spread
------- ------- ------
#1 -6.0 -2.5 3.5 (LA)
#2 11.5 -17.0 28.5 (Atlanta)
#3 -8.5 15.5 24.0 (LA)
#4 -2.0 12.0 14.0 (LA)
------- ------- ------
Total -5.0 8.0 13.0 (LA)
Divide by 4
------- ------- ------
Average -1.25 2.0 3.25 (LA)
The Final Results
-----------------
The final results from the scores spread is an equal weighted average
of all three levels. If there was no data available from any one
level, then the average is an equal weight for the remaining two
levels or the only level for which data was available. Remember, the
bottom line shown on the optional printout's chart is not a total of
the three levels--it is the average.
A comment is need here about the final results. As you can see the
program changes scores into point spreads. The final results are then
the expected point spreads and not expected scores. Do not confuse
this point and attempt to use the point spread as an over/under (total
points) indicator. This is not the case with the projected
statistical categories, however. As you will see in the next section,
yardages, first downs, fumbles, time of possession, etc., are all the
expected (projected) outcomes of the game.
Spread from Yardage Analysis
----------------------------
This spread is calculated using the projections of the passing and
rushing yardages (see discussion on yardage projections in this
section). Once the program has projected the passing and rushing
yardages (play yardages) the spread is projected by applying the
actual 1987 and 1988 points per yard to the total projected yardage.
Spread from First Down Analysis
-------------------------------
This spread is calculated just as the yardage spread except the first
down projections are used rather than the yardage projections.
- 26 -
Spread from Time of Possession
------------------------------
This spread is calculated just as the yardage spread except the time
of possession projections are used rather than the yardage
projections.
Overall Spread and Parameters
-----------------------------
The ability to quickly change the overall spread weighted average and
to change the parameters, and then analysis the results these
adjustments have on the projected outcome of the game, is what makes
the Pro Football Linemaker such a powerful tool. Parameters included
with the Pro Football Linemaker were developed from 1987 and 1988
regular season statistics. See "Updating and Adjusting the
Parameters" in this chapter for a full discussion on developing and
using parameters.
==========================================
THE PROJECTED STATISTICAL CATEGORIES
==========================================
There are eight statistical categories that are projected by the Pro
Football Linemaker program. Three of the projected categories are also
used to project independent spreads:
1) Passing Yardage
2) Rushing Yardage
3) Play Yardage (Passing and Rushing Yardage)
4) First Downs
5) Time of Possession
6) Times Sacked
7) Fumbles with Lost Possession
8) Open Category
These statistical projections are the actual expected outcome of the
game based on many calculations performed by the program. Each
category is calculated using the exact same methods and formulas. I
will go through the formulas and methods used for projecting these
statistics using passing yardage as an example, but I could replace
passing yardage with first downs, fumbles, sacks, or any other
category and the discussion would be identical.
1) First the program goes through the entire database of every
game played and determines a per game average for each of the
categories. These averages are both (a) displayed with the final
results on the monitor and (b) printed as "Overall Averages" in the
optional printout. Staying with the '89' season Atlanta vs LA Rams
example, the printout would appear as follows:
- 27 -
********** OVERALL AVERAGES **********
PASSING YARDAGE: 210.80
RUSHING YARDAGE: 115.17
PASSING & RUSHING: 325.97
FIRST DOWNS: 18.91
OPEN CATEGORY: 1.87
FUMBLES - LOST: 0.94
TIMES SACKED: 2.47
TIME OF POSSESSION: 30.00
Because this printout was requested after all data for the '89' season
had been inputted, these are the actual averages for the '89' regular
season. Any two teams you select will give you these same overall
averages.
2) Next the program goes through the entire database and
determines each team's per game average for each category.
3) If you do not leave the program or make adjustments to the
database, the program will only perform the above two steps for the
first two comparison teams you select. Subsequent inquiries will use
the same data, so it will not be necessary for the program to
recalculate. This shortens your calculation waiting period.
4) Next the program must find out how much passing yardage the
first comparison team can expect to make. To do this, the program
must figure (a) how much passing yardage it expects the first
comparison team to make (offense), and (b) how much passing yardage
it expects the second comparison team to give up (defense). Using our
Atlanta and LA example:
a) First the program will find how much passing yardage the
Atlanta's offense is expected to make. To do this, the program cannot
simply take the average of Atlanta's past passing yardage--this would
not give us an accurate picture. Suppose the program used the average
passing yardage for Atlanta and they had been playing teams with poor
defenses. Then Atlanta's offensive average would be overstated and
the first time they played a team that had a good defense, our
projections would crumble like a house of cards. So to obtain an
accurate projection, we must adjust the average passing yardage of
Atlanta to allow for the quality of teams they have been playing. The
following formula is used to make this adjustment:
Atlanta's Overall average passing yards Atlanta's
expected = ------------------------------- X average
passing Average passing yardage allowed passing
yardage by Atlanta's opposing teams yardage
If the teams that opposed Atlanta in the '89' season were doing better
than average defensively (were allowing less than the average passing
yardage against them), then the "Average passing yardage allowed by
- 28 -
Atlanta's opposing teams" (denominator in the above formula) will be
smaller than the "Overall average passing yards" (numerator). This
will adjust Atlanta's expected passing yardage against the average
team upward proportionately. However, as we will see, the teams
Atlanta played in '89' played less than average defensively against
the pass. A printout of the '89' season statistics (using
PRINTPFL)gives us the following defensive passing yardage for the
teams that played Atlanta:
Average Defensive
Team Passing Yardage
------ -----------------
Dallas 223
Buffalo 201
LA Rams 252
Detroit 245
Indianapolis 221
New Orleans 241 3559 yards
Phoenix 223 ---------- = 222 yards
Green Bay 209 16 games
San Francisco 202
Minnesota 154
New England 229
Washington 223
NY Jets 241
LA Rams 252
New Orleans 241
San Francisco 202
---------
3559 yards
As you can see, in the 1989 season, the teams that Atlanta played
allowed an average passing yardage of 222 yards to be scored against
them. Comparing this to the average of 210 passing yards per team for
the '89' season, we can see that the teams Atlanta had been playing
were not quite as good as average at preventing passing yardage. So
Atlanta's expected passing yardage must be decreased proportionately
to compensate. In our example, this formula is shown under the
heading of "ATLANTA OFFENSE" in the optional printout:
ATLANTA OFFENSE
EXPECTED PASSING YARDAGE: 210 DIVIDED BY 222 TIMES 218 = 206
210
--- X 218 = 206 yards
222
Note: All figures here are rounded for the sake of the
discussion. The program does not round and may
consequently give slightly different results.
- 29 -
So in conclusion, the program adjusts Atlanta's expected passing
yardage down by about five percent, or 12 points, to compensate for
the fact that the teams Atlanta had been playing were not as good as
the average team at preventing their opponents to score passing
yardage.
b) Now the program has the yardage it expects the Atlanta's
offense to make, however, that is still not the whole picture. This
must be adjusted by how well the second comparison team, the LA Rams,
can defend against the passing yard (or how many passing yards we
expect the Rams to allow). Again, the program cannot simply take an
average of the yards given up--that would fail to allow for the
quality of the offenses that the second comparison team had been
playing. Here is the formula the program uses to compensate for the
quality of the teams the LA Rams has played and find the expected
passing yardage the LA Rams will allow against Atlanta:
LA Rams' Overall average passing yards LA Rams'
expected = ------------------------------ X average
passing yards Average passing yards obtained passing yards
allowed by the LA Rams' opposing teams allowed
If during the season, the teams LA had played, were better than
average at obtaining passing yardage, then LA's average passing
yardage allowed must be adjusted down to compensate for the better
than average teams they had been playing. If the teams LA had played
were less than average, then LA's average passing yardage allowed will
be understated and must be adjusted up. In our example, we will see
that LA played teams who were better than average at obtaining passing
yardage:
Average Defensive
Team Passing Yardage
------ -----------------
Atlanta 218
Dallas 180
Chicago 194
Buffalo 224
NY Giants 193
Indianapolis 185 3476 yards
Orleans 211 ---------- = 217 yards
Phoenix 205 16 games
Green Bay 253
San Francisco 269
Minnesota 200
New England 232
NY Jets 214
Atlanta 218
New Orleans 211
San Francisco 269
-------
3476 yards
- 30 -
So, the teams LA played during 1989 were better than average (217
passing yards compared to 210 average) at obtaining passing yardage.
Because LA had been playing better than average teams, their expected
passing yardage allowed will be adjusted down to compensate. In other
words, we would not expect LA to give up as much passing yardage to
Atlanta just because they had been playing teams that were offensively
better than average. The calculation is made on the optional printout
under the heading "LA RAMS DEFENSE":
LA RAMS DEFENSE
EXPECTED PASSING YARDAGE: 210 DIVIDED BY 217 TIMES 252 = 244
210
--- X 252 = 244 yards
217
5) Now the program has both how many passing yards we expect
Atlanta to make (206), and how many we expect the Rams to give up
(244). Both have been adjusted to allow for the quality of teams they
have been playing.
6) The program now averages the two yardages to come up with the
projected yardage of the first comparison team. This process is shown
in the optional printout under "PROJECTED STATISTICS":
ATLANTA PROJECTED STATISTICS
PASSING YARDAGE: (206 PLUS 244) DIVIDED BY TWO = 225
So we now have one projected statistic. We project that Atlanta will
obtain 225 passing yards against the LA Rams. Of course this would be
just for a game that was played at the end of the '89' season.
7) For the Atlanta projection to be of any use, we need to have a
LA Rams projection to compare. So the program now repeats this exact
same sequence to obtain the LA Rams' projected passing yardage.
8) The program then repeats this process for each category,
rushing yardage, first downs, fumbles, time of possession, open, etc.
Open Category
-------------
The open category can be filled with any statistics that you find
important (you may also leave the category empty). The data you enter
will be used to project your open category just as the other
categories are projected. This is possible because the program
projects all categories in exactly the same way (as previously
explained).
- 31 -
If you are interested in obtaining the "total score" for an over/under
bet, you may use the open category for this purpose. Simply enter the
scores in the open category during data entry, then your projections
will give you an expected score for each team in the open category. A
caution here on over/under bets. Many, many things influence the
total score of the game. Some people believe that the condition of
turf, type of turf, and weather have more influence on total score
than do past scores. If you have never played over/under, do not be
fooled by its deceiving simplistic appearance. Your projections
will give you an excellent start, but I suggest you play a mock season
to really get a feel for the types of things that affect the total
scores.
Because all categories are processed in exactly the same way, it is
also possible to change existing categories. For example, suppose you
would rather have "Number of Turnovers" than "Fumbles with Lost
Possession". As long as you enter the number of turnovers in the data
file, instead of the fumbles, the program will project the number of
turnovers expected. Printouts will still read "Fumbles - Lost", but
you will know that this actually represents the turnovers expected.
Note: This will not work with the Time of Possession category, as the
program converts minutes to seconds during the process.
==================================
ADJUSTING THE OVERALL SPREAD
==================================
The overall spread is a weighted average of all four individual
spreads. The overall spread can, and should, be adjusted and used to
indicate overlays. The time into the season should be considered. At
the beginning of the season, not enough scores exist to produce
accurate projections. However, yardage, first downs, and time of
possession immediately show indications of teams' performances. Later
into the season, the scores spread becomes a powerful method of
predicting outcome.
===========================================
UPDATING AND ADJUSTING THE PARAMETERS
===========================================
The ability to quickly change the parameters, and then analysis the
results these adjustments have on the projected outcome of the game,
is one of the features that makes the Pro Football Linemaker such a
powerful tool. Parameters included with the Pro Football Linemaker
were developed from the 1987 and 1988 regular season statistics.
Points Per Yard
---------------
Points per yard were taken from the average points and average yards
scored in the 1987 and 1988 regular seasons:
- 32 -
total points scored
------------------- = points per yard
total play yards
1987: 9071/145,926 = .062 points per yard
1988: 9049/146,915 = .062 points per yard
1987 & 1988: .062+.062/2 = .062 points per yard
Points Per First Down
---------------------
Points per first down were taken from the average points and average
first downs scored in the 1987 and 1988 regular seasons:
total points scored
------------------- = points per first down
total first downs
1987: 9071/8149 = 1.113 points per first down
1988: 9049/8453 = 1.071 points per first down
1987 & 1988: 1.113+1.071/2 = 1.092 points per first down
Points Per Time of Possession
-----------------------------
Points per time of possession were taken from the average points and
average time of possession scored in the 1987 and 1988 regular
seasons:
average points per game
----------------------- = points per second
3600 seconds per game
1987: 43.2/3600 = .012 points per second
1988: 40.4/3600 = .011 points per second
1987 & 1988: .012+.011/2 = .011 points per second
Adjusting Parameters
--------------------
As you can see from the previous discussion, the parameters do not
change much from season to season. However, if you are using the
parameters from 1987 and 1988 statistics, you should check them
periodically (using the CALCPARA program). They will change over
time. Rule changes will have the greatest effect on these parameters.
You do not have to use the parameters included with the Pro Football
Linemaker. The program was specifically developed so users could
- 33 -
formulate and use their own parameters. To use the program to its
full potential, you need to think of the program as a tool, or shell,
to help you develop your decisions. There are many different and
logical methods for developing parameters.
Consider trying some of the following methods for developing your own
parameters:
1) Statistical sampling methods.
2) Develop the parameters using the actual statistics from a
previous game between the two opposing teams.
3) Develop separate statistics and parameters for each team. Then
use an average of only the two teams being compared as parameters.
4) Develop parameters comparing statistic spreads to point
spreads. For example:
average point spread
---------------------- = points per yard
average yardage spread
This could be done as an overall average or for individual games.
5) A method I particularly like is to use the odds printed in
your paper for thecurrent week's games. Adjust your parameters until
you can get the most number of games to come out as close to that
week's spreads as possible. After you get as many as close as you can,
the ones that are furthest from the paper's odds are your overlays.
This takes a lot of trial and error work, but the payoff is worth it
(you get faster at it with a little practice). By using this method,
you are benefiting from the expertise of the odds makers.
There are many ways to develop parameters. Be sure to keep records on
how well your own methods perform.
CALCPARA Program
----------------
To use this program simply select CalcPARA off the main menu. The
program will give you the year-to-date statistics for the games in
your currently loaded database. For an example, here is what the
monitor will display if you select the 1988 regular season data file:
NUMBER OF GAMES CALCULATED: 224
TOTAL GAMES PLAYED: 224
TOTAL POINTS SCORED: 9049
TOTAL PASSING YARDS: 90446
TOTAL RUSHING YARDS: 56469
TOTAL PLAY YARDS: 146915
TOTAL FIRST DOWNS: 8453
- 34 -
AVERAGE POINTS PER GAME: 40.397
POINTS PER YARD: 0.062
POINTS PER FIRST DOWN: 1.071
POINTS PER TIME OF POSSESSION: 0.011
This printout provides you with the parameters for the data file
selected, additionally, the statistics from which those parameters
were developed are provided.
You now have the 1989 regular season stats (REGSEASN.89 file). Why
don't you run them against the CALCPARA and see what the 1989 season
looked like--you may want to adjust your parameters!
PRINTPFL Program
----------------
The PRINTPFL program prints out any statistics data file. You must
have a printer for the program to operate. All information included
in the data file is printed out in a organized format. You can use
these printouts to check the accuracy of your data files. The
printouts are also useful for detailed examinations of the teams'
standings and statistics.
======================================================
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER - DEVELOPING YOUR SPREAD
======================================================
Okay, now you have a solid background on the basics of football
betting and the statistical world that controls it. You know the
types of bets that provide the best payoffs, and how often you must
win to come out ahead. You know what the "Pro Football Linemaker"
does and how it helps you keep track of the teams' performances. And
most important, you have years of experience evaluating Pro Football.
Let's put it all together.
I'm going to go through the generally method I use for coming up with
my overlays. This is not locked in concrete. You are now armed with
the same tools that I have. You should constantly be looking for ways
to improve on my methods and your methods.
1) Obtain the most current odds available. (If more than one set
of odds are available, obtain those also.)
2) Using PRINTPFL, printout the current database.
3) Run a spread calculation for each of the upcoming 14 games.
Get a one-page printout of the final results for each of the 14 games.
4) Comparing the odds makers spreads to the overall spread, rank
the 14 games from best overlay to worst.
- 35 -
5) Eliminate any games that show a negative for any of the four
spreads. This is a potentially dangerous situation and usually
indicates that the selected underdog has not been scoring points at
its true potential or the favorite has been scoring above its
potential. Either way, a risky bet. (In rare cases I have allowed a
negative in the first down or time-of-possession spread.)
6) This next step is tricky and depends on how you have your
parameters set up. Find a natural breaking point in your overlays.
Hopefully, there will be two or three out of line by several points
more than the others. These are your potential bets.
7) Use the "Pro Football Linemaker" to obtain a full printout for
each of the overlays selected in step 6.
8) For each team and each game (selected in step 6), review both
the database printout and the full calculation printouts. Were there
enough games to base the scores analysis on? Does anything appear out
of the ordinary? Are the teams being reviewed playing consistently or
do they often win when not expected to and lose when expected to win?
Use the database printout to make sure you are familiar with the teams
you may be betting on.
9) Now is where your experience enters. At this point, I start
with only the spread from scores analysis (if there are enough scores
to fill comfortable with). From this spread I add and subtract points
based on considerations such as:
a) the projections from each of the eight categories
b) home field advantage
c) injuries
d) place in standings
e) grass or turf
f) mental attitudes
g) team on a roll
h) weather
These points are added and subtracted based on your experience and the
projection provided by the program.
10) After adjusting, you must then decide if your overlay is
still large enough to warrant a bet. Hopefully, after your further
analysis, the overlay appears as even a better bet. If it goes the
other way, I usually drop it. Don't become discouraged if you don't
find a good overlay and then bet on a bad one. There have been many
weeks where I did not bet, and many more that I only had one bet.
- 36 -
=======================
OTHER INFLUENCERS
=======================
Many forces influence football lines. Consider these ideas and
suggestions:
1) Don't let emotions interfere with your decisions. If you
can't bet against your favorite team, don't bet for it. Emotional
betting is a major contributing cause of favorable betting lines. Use
emotional betting to your advantage.
2) People tend to over bet winners. The lines may often reflect
this.
3) The underdog beats the spread more often.
4) Lines may be different in different localities. You may be
better off in the West betting on East Coast teams and better off in
the East betting on the West Coast teams.
5) Stay informed. There are many excellent books on football.
Several annual publications provide good comparison statistics of the
teams. Weekly newspapers, handicap sheets, and magazines all provide
essential data for the serious player.
========================
BETTING STRATEGIES
========================
There are some basic, common since gambling rules and procedures that
should be considered no matter what type of game you bet on.
1) Only bet what you can afford to lose.
2) In gambling, how much to bet is as much a part of the game as
who to bet. However, it is often overlooked as irrelevant to the
outcome. While the size of the bet will not affect the outcome of the
game, it will affect the size of your bank roll.
Making larger bets when the odds of winning are greater and smaller
bets when the odds are less is the backbone of most logical betting
systems. If you do not have a system, you might want to read a couple
of books on gambling. If not, you are better off trying to bet
consistently rather than randomly changing your bet. First, determine
what you can afford to lose, then establish a bank roll. From that
bank roll, establish a standard bet. You may deviate from your
standard bet for what you consider an exceptional bet, but establish
what constitutes an exceptional bet in advance.
- 37 -
3) Never, never bet your whole bank roll on one game. If you bet
your whole bank roll, and lose, your out of the game.
4) Understand your game and what it takes to win. Most
professional gamblers, in whatever game, figure to win only a small
percentage more often than they lose. This small percentage must be
enough to both cover the house take and make a profit.
5) Many people become emotionally involved when placing bets.
This gives players who can keep their emotions out of the game an
advantage. Learn to remove yourself from the emotional side of
football--at least while establishing your lines and bets.
I would wish you good luck, but let's face it--luck has very little to
do with it!
- 38 -
╔════════════════════════════════╗
║ Appendix A - Sports Book Cards ║
╚════════════════════════════════╝
Sports Book Cards Pictured in Hard Copy Only
A - 1
╔════════════════════════════════════════╗
║ Appendix B - Version Changes & Convert ║
╚════════════════════════════════════════╝
The following changes were made between the Pro Football Linemaker
Version 1.0 and Version 2.1:
1) User color selection is now available.
2) The Main Menu has been changed and both the CALCPARA and the
PRINTPFL programs are now available from the Menu.
3) The database storage method has been changed so that PFL data
files can contain as many past games as desired. (Limited to
the last two games between the same two opposing teams.)
4) The input screen has been changed to more closely parallel the
order of the reporting columns in national newspapers. Also,
the [F2] function key can now be used to accept the inputted
stats. These changes and additions speed up data entry and
reduces data entry errors.
5) A CONVERT program is included for those who have old Version
1.0 files they wish to convert to Version 2.1 compatible
files.
=============
CONVERT
=============
The CONVERT program included on your version 2.1 disk will convert
your old version 1.0 data files to version 2.1 compatible files.
Because last years regular season database and an up-to-date database
for this season are already included on the version 2.1 disk, you
probably have little or no need for this conversion program. But if
you do, here's how it works:
1) Type the start-up command CONVERT
2) Your screen will display:
ENTER [Drive:Path/Filename.Ext] of OLD PFL File:
3) Enter the version 1.0 filename.
4) Your screen will display:
Enter [Drive:Path/Filename.Ext] of NEW PFL File:
B - 1
5) Enter a name for the new version 2.1 file that will be created.
If you use the same name, the old version 1.0 file will be
overwritten.
6) Your screen will display:
WAIT! CONVERTING ........
7) When finished converting, the screen will display something
like this, depending on your own file names:
REGSEASN.89 SUCCESSFULLY CONVERTED TO REGSEASN.89
B - 2
╔═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║Appendix C - Pro Football Linemaker Bulletin Board System (PFL BBS)║
╚═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
If you plan on using the PFL BBS, we suggest you log onto the system,
and become familiar with it, so you will be ready once the season
begins. The system currently uses DataStorm's Procomm Plus (however,
we may switch to a BBS program if usage increases). To address the
BBS, you can use the shareware version of the same program, Procomm,
or you may use your favorite communications program.
During the season, we keep the BBS on line 24 hours a day.
During the off season, when activity is light, we bring the system up
only on weekends during the lower telephone rates (from approximately
5 PM PST Friday afternoon to 9 PM PST Sunday evening). If use
increases, the up time will expand to weekdays. In any case, if the
system is not up, you will not get an answer, so you will not be
charged by the phone company for your call.
======================
Telephone Number
======================
The system phone number is: (714) 880-8030
However, all good things must come to and end. Our area is scheduled
to go through an area code revision. We are currently scheduled to
receive the new area code 909 on November 14, 1992. The number will
not change but the area code will: (909) 880-8030. There is suppose
to be a 9-month period where either area code will work. However we
are not sure when that 9-month period begins and ends. So if 714 does
not work, then 909 should.
If an unexpected change in the number should take place, we will
notify all registered and subscribed users. The bulletin board will
also keep you informed. Registers and subscribed users, who change
their addresses, may wish to notify us (via mail or the BBS).
===============================================
Line Settings and File Transfer Protocols
===============================================
Baud Rate: 2400, 1200, or 300 (the BBS will automatically detect
your baud rate and adjust accordingly)
Parity: None
Data Bits: 8
Stop Bits: 1
File Transfer Protocol Options: Kermit, XModem, and many more
available and selectable by user during file transfer.
C - 1
=========================
Open/Closed System
=========================
By "open" system, we mean the system is open to everyone and may be
used by everyone.
A "closed" system, is closed to the general public, but open to all
registered and subscribed users via their passwords.
The PFL BBS is opened immediately following the Super Bowl, and will
not close until the first week of the regular season. When we place
the regular season's first week's stat file on the BBS, we will close
the system. (Even though it takes two or three weeks of stats to
start getting projections).
================================================
Off Season - Open System Log on Procedures
================================================
The PFL BBS is open during off season and we encourage everyone to
use and become acquainted with it--you do not have to be registered.
You may also wish to practice downloading some files so you are
familiar with your file transfer procedures before the start of the
season.
1) Connect with (714) 880-8030 (area code scheduled to change to
909 on November 14, 1992)
2) The system will ask:
First Name:
Last Name:
Enter your first and last name. It is important that you enter your
names exactly the same each time. The system is not case sensitive,
it sees upper and lower case letters as the same. But don't use Jim
one time, and then James the next, or it will think you are two
different people.
3) You will be asked to enter a password
Enter a password:
Please verify:
Enter a password of your choice (not more than eight characters), you
will be asked to verify (the first time you log on), which means for
you to enter it again. You will then be allowed into the system. The
next time you log on you must use the same password. Your own chosen
password will be good until the season begins and the system becomes a
closed system. At this time you must use your assigned password to
enter the BBS.
C - 2
=====================================================
During Season - Closed System Log on Procedures
=====================================================
1) After you register, or after you update your subscription to the
PFL BBS, you will receive a new password. This password is to be used
once the season begins and the system becomes a closed system.
2) With notice of your password will be your name. You must enter
both your name and password exactly as on your notice to be allowed
into the closed system.
3) The log on procedures are the then the same as with the above open
system.
======================================
Downloading and Extracting Files
======================================
By selecting "F" for Files off the BBS menu (see below - "Bulletin
Board Commands") you will get the directory of files available for
downloading. This is much the same as a directory (DIR) DOS command.
At a minimum you will see these files:
PFL2_0.EXE
CONVERT.EXE
SEASON88.EXE
SEASON89.EXE
SEASON90.EXE
RENEW.TXT
Each of these files have been compressed (archived) to reduce the time
they will take to download (except the subscription renewal form
RENEW.TXT). By placing these files in this compressed format, you
will be able to download weekly statistics files in less than one
minute at 2400 baud and about one and one-half minutes at 1200 baud.
Not bad, this shouldn't overload your phone bill.
The program used to archive the files is LHARC. The files are self
extracting, so you do not need any special program to extract them.
You simply execute the file by typing its name, and the file will be
extracted.
For example, by typing:
PFL2_0
You will extract the two files:
PFL.EXE
PFL.PAR
Which is PFL Version 2.1 and its parameters file.
C - 3
--CONVRT.EXE will extract to CONVERT.EXE. See Appendix B for
information on the CONVERT program.
--SEASON88.EXE will extract to SEASON88.PFL, the 1988 regular season
statistics database.
--SEASON89.EXE will extract to SEASON89.PFL, the 1989 regular season
statistics database.
--ETC.
During the season you will see files similar to these:
--WEEK0191.EXE
--WEEK0291.EXE
These are the current week's statistics files and will extract to a
STATS.PFL database file for the week indicated. The first set of two
numbers being the week of the regular season and the second, the year.
Of course, each successive week's database file also includes the
previous statistics.
You should find an updated file, which includes Monday night's game,
on the BBS by Wednesday morning. This gives us a full day (after the
Monday night game) to enter the stats and get it on the BBS.
Notes on Weekly Stat Files:
---------------------------
1) As mentioned before, it takes two or three weeks of stats before
there is enough data to make any comparisons or projections. This
depends of the current season's schedule and the schedule of the teams
you are comparing. Even though they will not be of much use, we will
make the current database available starting with the first week.
2) The weekly stat files you download are cumulative. In other
words, the third week's file holds all data from week 1, week 2, and
week 3; the four week's file from weeks 1, 2, 3, & 4, etc. So if you
wanted to make projections for the 8th week, all you need is the 7th
week stat file.
3) The stat files you download are no different than files that are
entered manually. At any time, you can start manually keeping your
stats file current by adding to the current database file using the
stats in your newspaper.
=============================
Bulletin Board Commands
=============================
Every user is presented the following menu after successfully
logging on (and after seeing any current news bulletins from the
SYSOP):
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┌───────────────────────────────────┐
│ F)iles U)pload D)ownload │
│ H)elp T)ime C)hat G)oodbye │
│ R)ead mail L)eave mail │
└───────────────────────────────────┘
An available function is invoked by pressing the first letter
of the name. No carriage return is needed. So to download, for
example, just press <D>.
Function Description
CHAT: Sounds the speaker on the system operator (SYSOP)
machine. Normally, however, a SYSOP will not be
available for direct discussions and the user can
abort the request by pressing Ctrl-C.
DOWNLOAD: The user is prompted for a protocol to use and then
for the specification of the file(s) to download from
the host. When a valid file specification is entered,
the message "Begin your ??????? transfer procedure"
is issued and the host waits for the user to download
the file(s) using the specified protocol. At this
time you must execute your communications program's
file downloading procedure.
FILES: Prompts for a file specification (like DOS' DIR
command) and displays a list of matching downloadable
files. A user can cancel the file display by pressing
Ctrl-C.
GOODBYE: Terminates user. Use for leaving the BBS.
HELP: Displays this help screen. A user can cancel the
help display by pressing Ctrl-C.
LEAVE MAIL: The user is prompted for the following:
To: (the intended recipient of the mail)
Re: (the subject of the mail)
Private Mail(Y/N) (Y to limit viewing, N for public)
The user is then placed in a line-at-a-time input mode
which continues until an empty line is entered. When
an empty line is entered, the user is prompted with:
S)ave A)bort D)isplay C)ontinue ?
Save: Append the message to the mailbase and return
to the main menu.
Abort: Erase the message and return to the main menu
(after confirmation).
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Display: Show any text which has been entered (using
the same format as the Read Mail facility)
and display this prompt again.
Continue: Return to input mode.
READ MAIL: The user is prompted to choose one of the following:
F)orward read
S)earch mail
I)ndividual read
Q)uit
Forward read: Sequential multiple read.
Prompts for the message number to
begin displaying and begins to
display all accessible messages
starting with that number.
Search mail: Selective sequential multiple read.
Asks for a field to search, then a
string to search for, and finally
what message number to begin the
search with. A display of all
accessible messages which match the
search criteria is then begun.
Individual: Single message read.
Asks which message to read and
displays it if accessible.
Quit: Return to the main menu.
TIME: The time the user came on-line is displayed, followed
by the current time.
UPLOAD: The user is prompted for a protocol to use for the
transfer. A file specification is then asked for,
followed by a file description. The host then waits
for the user to begin using the specified protocol to
upload the file(s). Files will be reviewed by the
SYSOP prior to making them available on the BBS.
=========================================================
Reading and Leaving Messages with the Mail Function
=========================================================
The PFL BBS Mail Function provides a convenient method for football
fans to exchange ideas; ask questions on the operation of the PFL
program, database, or BBS; and compare results of the prior week's or
year's games.
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Most discussions center around football, betting, specific teams and
players, spreads, PFL, gambling strategies, etc. However, API makes
no restrictions on what may be discussed.
API trims old messages as needed.
System Operator (SYSOP)
-----------------------
Direct messages to the system operator as follows:
To: SYSOP
As previously discussed you may designate messages as private or
public. Private messages to the SYSOP will be answered privately.
Other fans may have the same or similar questions and keeping your
questions public may help everyone.
Open Questions/Discussions
--------------------------
You may direct messages to everyone or a specific individual.
We suggest you address open questions/discussion to FANS. For
example:
To: FANS
Re: SUPER BOWL (you enter this information)
Private Mail(Y/N)? N
To: FANS
From: JOE SIXPACK (the sytem displays this)
Re: SUPER BOWL
My PFL showed only a half-point difference between Buffalo and
New York. When I left Southern California there was a six-point
spread favoring Buffalo. By the time I got to Las Vegas it was seven.
I usually wait for even bigger overlays, but it was the only game, and
the last game. I couldn't pass it up. And didn't!
Sending a Large Message (Uploading)
-----------------------------------
If you have a long message (or file, program, etc.) you wish to
prepare in advance, you may place it in an file and upload it with
your file transfer protocol. This will save you having to enter the
information on line. If you prepare a large message with your word
processor, be sure you save/convert it to an ASCII file so it may be
read by anyone. All uploaded files will be reviewed by us before
making them available for downloading. We review files and programs
for two reasons only. First, to ensure that do not have the same name
as one of our stat files, which would overwrite it. Second, we scan
each uploaded file for any viruses that may have unknowing attached a
submission.
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Then leave a message explaining the file. For example:
To: FANS
Re: OPEN CATEGORY
Private Mail(Y/N)? N
To: FANS
From: JOE SIXPACK
Re: OPEN CATEGORY
I entered turnovers into the open category for 1990. If your
interested, download my stats file named: TURN1990.PFL
A self extracting archived version is in: TURN1990.EXE, it will
extract to TURN1990.PFL. -- JOE
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